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China Richer But Not Happier

Posted: 24 May 2012 12:01 AM PDT

At American Public Media's Marketplace, Kai Ryssdal and Rob Schmitz discuss a recent study from the University of Southern California which suggested that rising incomes in China are failing to bring greater happiness to broad swathes of the population. Rising prices and growing appear to be undermining any expected gains, and may be sowing the seeds of social unrest.

Ryssdal: … Somebody's making money.

Schmitz: Right. Developers are obviously making a lot of money. And of course the government of China itself is getting rich and that's something that irks a lot of the people I spoke to. In the past five years, much of China's has come from building infrastructure. The party has spent hundreds of billions of dollars on this and most of these contracts have gone to state-owned companies. So in other words, the government is giving money to itself. So one man I spoke to was really frustrated with this.

Man speaking

Ryssdal: "Nothing's OK," right? Everything is not all right.

Schmitz: Nothing is OK. So he's saying that the Communist party originated from the poor, but now has basically left the poor behind. He's a security guard who makes $5 a day and he lives in a 30-square-foot apartment with his wife and his daughter and he isn't happy at all. So I asked him. I said how could the government improve the situation in China. And so get this, he said that China should start a war.

Ryssdal: No, come on. Really?

Schmitz: Yeah. And I said with whom and he said it doesn't matter. 

The Los Angeles Times reported the study's release last week, and described China's use by economists as "a real-life laboratory to study how money, inequality and change are tied to our satisfaction with life".

Easterlin and his fellow economists based their findings on six surveys on life satisfaction in China, most of them conducted by Western firms. The fall and rise of happiness levels in China mirror the trends seen in Russia and other European countries transitioning from communism, Easterlin said.

But what makes China especially interesting is that happiness levels dipped and rose while incomes were soaring, showing that joblessness can drag happiness levels down even as national wealth is on the rise. The results echo earlier studies that have found that growing wealth does not tend to increase happiness because expectations rise along with it. People also tend to compare their wealth with others'.

"If somebody got a higher salary this year than last, he might not be happy," Jiaotong University professor Wang Fanghua told The Times last year. "But if his income is better than his friends', then he will be happy."

At TIME, Austin Ramzy noted that Bo Xilai's gestures towards addressing economic inequality helped build his broad popularity among Chongqingers.

When , the rising Chinese Communist Party official who was purged in March, gave his last public comments before disappearing into detention, he was wrong about a lot of things. That bit about not being under investigation, for instance. But one line he uttered has the clear ring of truth, and it poses a serious issue for China's leadership as it attempts to navigate this year's political transition, the economic slowdown and the ripples loosed by Bo's removal. Bo revealed that China's — a statistic that measures the gap between rich and poor — had entered into worrying territory. He described the number, which hasn't been made public in more than a decade, as over 0.46. Anything higher than 0.4 is considered dangerously high and capable of fueling unrest.

In Chongqing, where Bo was Communist Party secretary for 4½ years, he made building economic protections like subsidized housing for the megacity's poorest residents one of the tenets of his "Chongqing model." The wholesale corruption he and his family have been accused of may have steered the wealth gap in the wrong direction, but Bo understood the political importance of appearing to care about the problem, just as he knew the appeal of cracking down on crime and reviving Mao-era culture.


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China’s iPad Generation

Posted: 23 May 2012 11:57 PM PDT

At Foreign Policy, Deborah Jian Lee and Sushma Subramanian describe the effects of China's mass labour migration on the families it pulls apart. Absent parents leave tens of millions of rural children vulnerable to depression, suicide and kidnapping, but the discriminatory registration system makes it difficult for families to move to the cities together.

On a sweltering night in July 2011, 17-year-old Zhang Juanzi arrives at her farmhouse in the remote village of Silong in Hunan province. Despite the cramped 12-hour van journey from , the young girl bounds past the wooden doors to wake up her 5-year-old brother, Zhang Yi, whose face scrunches in the flickering light. He is thrilled by her arrival, but when he sees his mother, Huang Dongyan, he recoils into his sister's arms. He will not look at Huang, who is squealing at him, begging him to say "Mommy …."

Huang and her son have a strained relationship, one damaged by Huang's absence. It has been months since they last saw each other. Her son seems to view Huang as a stranger who visits once or twice a year and demands his affection. Huang blames the country's housing registration policy, or hukou system, for their broken bond. The hukou system denies social benefits to China's some 150 million rural migrant laborers who move to urban areas for work. Because of this policy, like Huang are forced to leave their children behind in the village to receive schooling, health care, and other necessary services.

Roughly 58 million children like Yi are left in China's countryside without their parents. This might be economically necessary, but it is emotionally disastrous: Chinese University of Hong Kong researchers found that adolescents left behind in their villages were more likely to engage in risky behavior such as binge drinking, and have increased thoughts of suicide. The children separated from their migrant parents are also more likely to have learning disabilities and psychological problems, says , a researcher at the Psychological Science Institute of Guangdong Province. In school, they lack focus; at home they lack guidance.

Xinhua photographer Liu Jie poignantly captured the problem of divided families last year in a set of group portraits in which absent family members were represented by empty chairs. See past posts on CDT for more on labour migration and the hukou system.


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Beijing Unveils Two Fly Policy

Posted: 23 May 2012 11:56 PM PDT

Hot on the heels of the new "Three Have-Nots" campaign against undocumented foreigners, Beijing authorities have announced new guidelines for the city's public toilets, including a limit of two flies per facility. From the BBC:

's Municipal Commission of City Administration and Environment said in a statement that the regulations aimed to standardise toilet management at places such as parks, railway stations, hospitals and shopping malls.

An unnamed official from the commission told local media that the guidelines on flies were meant for easy monitoring.

However media reports cast doubt over whether the guidelines could be enforced.

A commentary published in the Beijing News said one central Beijing district implemented a similar rule in 2008 when the city hosted the Olympic Games, but sanitation and hygiene still varied from toilet to toilet.

Effort should be invested on educating the public to use public toilets in a better manner, said the commentary.


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Blood Samples May Prove Heywood Poisoning

Posted: 23 May 2012 07:56 PM PDT

The Los Angeles Times' Barbara Demick reports that Chongqing police reached out to U.S-based forensic scientist Henry C. Lee, a professional acquaintance of Wang Lijun best known for his work in the O.J. Simpson and Phil Spector trials, to analyze a blood sample that likely came from dead British businessman Neil Heywood:

The timing and the description of the Heywood case match all the details that have been released of the death, although the detective who called Lee from the Chongqing police did not disclose a name. "I don't know who was the victim, who was the suspect," said Lee, who added, "I don't get involved in politics."

Lee did not recall the exact date he received the phone call, but thought it was one week before Wang fled to the consulate. The never arrived in Connecticut.

However, it appears that Wang had had a preliminary test of the sample performed elsewhere. A businessman familiar with the case said that at the consulate, Wang offered the technical evidence from a test of the blood sample.

"The test confirmed the poisoning. There is physical evidence, a sample of flesh. The forensic evidence is very strong," said the businessman, who asked not to be quoted by name.

The Telegraph's Jon Swaine writes that the blood samples suggest that investigators may prove decisively that Neil Heywood was poisoned, a revelation that would have serious consequences for , or anyone else involved in the incident.


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Need a Job? Be a Chinese Internet Censor

Posted: 23 May 2012 07:10 PM PDT

The Wall Street Journal's China Real Time Report calls attention to a notice posted by Sina Corp. on Monday which invited candidates to apply for the position of "monitoring editor," a notice which drew a wealth of cynical comments from netizens about China's censorship regime:

Monitoring Editor: 1) Handle various tasks related to information safety; 2) propose specific information safety-related requirements, oversee the implementation and analysis of data; 3) gather requirements for information safety editing, oversee implementation and guarantee implementation results. Job requirements: undergraduate degree or junior college plus three or more years of work experience; experience working as a monitoring editor. Resume.

users largely mocked the ad on Monday. "Compensation: 50 Cents," wrote one user, a reference to the amount of money government-hired online commentators are rumored to receive for every pro-government comment they post online.

"Monitoring experience a must, editing experience not necessary," joked another.

Readers unsure if they're cut out for the position can have a look at the comments below the job posting and see which ones jump out at them as in need of further monitoring.

 


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Expansion and Iran on Table at SCO Summit

Posted: 23 May 2012 05:30 PM PDT

From June 6-7, China will be hosting the 2012 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in . The SCO is an international mutual-security organization thought by some to be a collective attempt to counter NATO and limit influence in central Asia. Earlier this week, the future of Afghanistan was a major talking-point at the NATO summit in Chicago, and will likely also be addressed at the SCO summit. has been attending SCO summits as a guest since the organization's beginning, and last year applied for observer status – a notion supported by Beijing, reflecting its desire for a stable Afghanistan. CRIEnglish notes that full observer status will likely be granted to Afghanistan at next month's summit:

Afghanistan is expected to gain full observer status.

Chinese vice foreign minister Cheng Guoping says their respective applications will be decided upon by consensus.

"The security and stability of Afghanistan bordering the region of SCO states is closely related to the affairs of SCO members. And Turkey as an important country in this region has good ties with SCO members. The admission of the two countries will help them and SCO states to jointly counter terrorism, separatism and extremism as well as drug trafficking and cross-border crime." Cheng says.

Cheng notes this would be the first time the SCO has admitted a new observer since 2005, and a new dialogue partner since 2009.

Also on the agenda – and likely to steal the spotlight – at the upcoming summit is . An SCO observer since 2005, has been denied member status, as the SCO limits any state under UN sanctions from full membership. In the midst of an ongoing EU oil embargo, and after the US Senate's recent approval of new sanctions against Iran (which China characteristically and vocally opposed), Iranian President Ahmadinejad will attend the upcoming Summit in Beijing. From Reuters:

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad will visit China in June for a security summit and discuss his country's disputed nuclear programme with Chinese President Hu Jintao, a senior diplomat said on Wednesday, criticizing new sanctions aimed at Iran.

[...]Ahmadinejad's visit to China takes on particular significance as China is a veto-wielding permanent member of the U.N. Security Council and has resisted U.S. demands for sanctions on Iran.

Iran, OPEC's second-largest producer, exports most of its 2.2 million barrels of oil per day to Asia, home to its four main customers: China, Japan, and South Korea.

All four nations have cut back on their purchases, dissuaded by a previous package of U.S. financial sanctions due to take effect at the end of June as well as an EU oil embargo and a ban on shipping insurance, which take effect on July 1.

The Economic Times notes that Beijing has expressed approval of India and Pakistan, both SCO Observers since 2005, eventually becoming members of the organization:

China, the host of the next Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit, today welcomed the proposed accession of India andPakistan to the security grouping, but said no timetable should be set to grant them full membership.

"We welcome relevant countries to become members of the SCO," Chinese Vice Foreign Minister, Cheng Guoping told a media briefing on the summit scheduled to be held here on June 6-7.

"The relevant countries should work hard towards political, legal and technical preparations for [the membership]," he said answering a question about elevating India and as members as proposed by Russia which is the biggest country in the forum along with China.

For more on the upcoming SCO summit, see Chinese Foreign Minister outlining the agenda, from CCTV:

Also see prior CDT coverage of Iran, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and Central Asia.

 


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What the Chinese Want

Posted: 23 May 2012 02:38 PM PDT

In the Wall Street Journal, Tom Doctoroff, a China-based executive and author of "What Chinese Want: Culture, Communism and China's Modern Consumer," gives his perspective on what Chinese consumers want and what foreign companies need to do to win a following in China:

The speed with which China's citizens have embraced all things digital is one sign that things are in motion in the country. But e-commerce, which has changed the balance of power between retailers and , didn't take off until the Chinese need for reassurance was satisfied. Even when transactions are arranged online, most purchases are completed in person, with shoppers examining the product and handing over their cash offline.

Chinese at all socioeconomic levels try to "win"—that is, climb the ladder of success—while working within the system, not against it. In Chinese consumer culture, there is a constant tension between self-protection and displaying status. This struggle explains the existence of two seemingly conflicting lines of development. On the one hand, we see stratospheric savings rates, extreme price sensitivity and aversion to credit-card interest payments. On the other, there is the Chinese fixation with luxury goods and a willingness to pay as much as 120% of one's yearly income for a car.

Every day, the Chinese confront shredded social safety nets, a lack of institutions that protect individual wealth, contaminated food products and myriad other risks to home and health. The instinct of consumers to project status through material display is counterbalanced by conservative buying behavior. Protective benefits are the primary consideration for consumers. Even high-end paints must establish their lack of toxicity before touting the virtues of colorful self-expression. Safety is a big concern for all car buyers, at either end of the price spectrum.

Read more about advertising and consumerism in China via CDT.


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Photo: China Post, by Michael Steverson

Posted: 23 May 2012 12:35 PM PDT

Word of the Week: Celestial Empire

Posted: 23 May 2012 12:00 PM PDT

Editor's Note: The  comes from China Digital Space's Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon, a glossary of terms created by Chinese netizens and frequently encountered in online political discussions. These are the words of China's online "resistance discourse," used to mock and subvert the official language around censorship and political correctness.

If you are interested in participating in this project by submitting and/or translating terms, please contact the CDT editors at CDT [at] chinadigitaltimes [dot] net.

天朝 (tiān cháo): Celestial Empire

The Celestial Empire is an ancient name for China. Recently, netizens have used the term sarcastically to refer to China under the current government. Oftentimes the term is used to suggest that China's leaders are self-important and have a China-centric view of the world.

网络用语,中国大陆网民对中华人民共和国的称呼,多见于与动漫相关的网站,使用时往往带有讽刺或称颂色彩。

Dragon, symbol of the Celestial Empire

Character combining the characters for "Celestial" and "Kingdom."


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The Daily Twit (@chinahearsay Twitter feed) – 2012-05-23

Posted: 22 May 2012 08:59 PM PDT


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AMC Acquisition: Yes, There is a Soft Power Angle to This Story

Posted: 23 May 2012 04:25 AM PDT

Anytime a Chinese company gets involved with a media company, someone is bound to theorize about a nefarious government plot behind it designed to control the hearts and minds of the populace. The acquisition of AMC Entertainment by Wanda Group is one deal that has so far been discussed in the press on its merits, with little or no discussion of any over-arching political considerations.

That's why I got a sinking feeling when I started reading "How the Deal for AMC Entertainment Furthers China's Culture Agenda" by Bruce Einhorn in Bloomberg. The title is quite provocative, and I thought the piece was going to be some sort of "wink wink, nod nod" about China's use of media to further a political agenda.

But I was wrong, and I apologize to Bruce for even thinking that.

So what's with the "culture agenda" reference? It's a valid one, and actually quite straightforward:

[R]elax: You shouldn't expect the multiplex at your nearby mall to take down The Avengers to show Chinese propaganda such as The Beginning of a Great Revival, last year's government-approved celebration of the party's 90th anniversary. China's leaders aren't naive enough to expect results overnight.

More likely, the AMC deal will provide a building block to develop China's film industry, with Wanda using its American acquisition to gain expertise in operating the kind of large, nationwide cinema chains the nation needs.

Ah. China is actively seeking to build up its cultural infrastructure, and the AMC acquisition certainly dovetails with that policy quite nicely, doesn't it?

Good article, valid point. My bad. I gotta stop letting my inner cynic run wild.


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They Got the Same Shit Over There That We Got Here – Stupid Internet Law

Posted: 23 May 2012 03:11 AM PDT

Readers of this blog are already quite familiar with so-called "Real ID" or "Real Name" rules in China. These refer to regulations mandating that certain Net activities, such as posting to and writing comments on a microblog, are only done by folks who have duly signed up with the platform operator using legal ID (i.e. a China ID card).

Why do we have these laws? In China, it can mostly be explained with the magic word "stability." The reasoning is that without some curbs on online content, social stability might suffer. Most foreigners I talk to understand this from a political speech perspective but fail to see the other aspects of these regulations.

Consider the recent campaigns against online rumor-mongering. Again, this push can partly be explained with a discussion about political speech. But that's not the whole story. There are many other kinds of online rumors that the legislators consider dangerous, such as unsubstantiated information about food quality and environmental dangers. The idea here is that if false information about these issues is spread online, this could damage the economy and harm social stability.

What do these rules against anonymous posts/comments look like? Here's some language from a draft regulation:

A web site administrator upon request shall remove any comments posted on his or her web site by an anonymous poster unless such anonymous poster agrees to attach his or her name to the post and confirms that his or her IP address, legal name, and home address are accurate.

All web site administrators shall have a contact number or e-mail address posted for such removal requests, clearly visible in any sections where comments are posted.

Fairly standard stuff, although it's drafted horribly; no way for site operators to verify contact information, so everyone would just end up lying. That aside, which China government agency came up with this? MIIT? MOFCOM? MOC?

Don't know? Well, no surprise, that was a trick question. The draft legislation, called the "Internet Protection Act," is actually the brain child of Republican lawmakers in the New York State legislature. No, really, and trying to figure out why they have proposed such a measure tells us something about why governments favor these types of rules.

Why would New York Republicans favor something that is similar to China laws designed, in part, to control online content? Here's one possibility:

A new bill called the Internet Protection Act would give people the ability to request that disparaging, anonymous posts be removed from websites owned by New York-based companies in an effort to stop cyberbullying.

"While the Internet is a wonderful resource for social networking, sadly it can also be used to anonymously bring harm to others," said Assemblyman Dean Murray, R-East Patchogue.

[ . . . ]

The measure would require these websites to have either a toll-free phone number or e-mail address for victims of cyberbullying to contact.

[ . . . ]

Assemblyman Peter Lopez, R-Scoharie, co-sponsor of the bill, said the internet is akin to the "wild west: almost anything goes." He asked, "How do we take a resource that is so beneficial and make sure it is used properly? Make sure we are civilized as we conduct ourselves in the use of that resource?"

Right. So it's all about cyberbullying, making sure that online conduct is "civilized." Sounds a lot like the preambles to some of the China legislation, which calls for proper regulation of the Internet for the benefit of society, blah blah blah.

By the way, cyberbullying is, according to The God of Knowledge Wikipedia, "the use of the Internet and related technologies to harm other people, in a deliberate, repeated, and hostile manner. As it has become more common in society, particularly among young people, legislation and awareness campaigns have arisen to combat it."

You might have heard one of those stories about a distraught kid who, after being humiliated on Facebook, drowned himself/herself in a toilet or drank a can of paint thinner. Cyberbullying. I guess those Republicans are just looking out for kids in New York, right?

Then again:

In addition to cracking down on cyber-bullying, the bill also prevents people from posting anonymous criticism of local businesses. Too often, rival businesses will post negative and false posts to hurt their competition. With more and more people turning to online reviews, it is important to ensure that the posted information, good or bad, is from actual customers and not rival competitors.

Hmm. Criticism of businesses. Sounds a lot like the kind of rumor-mongering that Chinese rules are designed to stop. But hey, at least there's no political component to all this.

Right? Well, you probably know what's coming next:

Finally, the legislation will help cut down on the types of mean-spirited and baseless political attacks that add nothing to the real debate and merely seek to falsely tarnish the opponent's reputation by using the anonymity of the Web. By removing these posts, this bill will help to ensure that there is more accurate information available to voters on their prospective candidates, giving them a better assessment of the candidates they have to choose from.

And let's not forget our old friend Assemblyman Murray:

Murray admitted to being a victim of derogatory website posts two years ago during his re-election campaign. An anonymous source posted on multiple websites that Murray committed acts of domestic violence against his ex-wife. The anonymous posts also said Murray's son was hiding from his father because he was being abused.

"These comments were absolutely horrible and unfortunately if you Google them now you'll still be able to pull up a couple of the comments," said Murray.

Interesting. So the legislation would, in addition to dealing with cyberbullying, also help protect businesses and politicians. Sounds like a great way to ensure social and political stability and foster a more harmonious society, doesn't it?

OK, before you get too excited, this New York legislation is a stunt that will never pass. Moreover, it looks like it would violate the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, so there's that little hurdle to overcome. If you use New York-based sites, I wouldn't worry too much.

Last point. I am not in any way making an equivalence argument, saying that somehow the U.S., or U.S. law, is comparable to China Net rules. At the same time, I'm not commenting on the normative issues here at all (although the post title should give you a clue about my opinion).

I did, however, want to point out that this type of legislation is not only making headway in other parts of the world, but also that it isn't just about political speech. As social media creeps into many facets of our lives, governments are struggling with proper regulation. Courts in China, for example, have been inundated with online copyright infringement and defamation claims in recent years. These days, all one has to do is refer to a public figure as a racist xenophobe in a blog post, and the lawsuit threats begin immediately. Hey, if the shoe fits . . . but I digress.

There are obvious benefits to open online debate, but there are also downsides, including tortious acts. China is not the only government trying to figure out how to strike the right balance.


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